Multiple Sclerosis Treatment in Delhi, India

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated neurological disorder that affects the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. In MS, the immune system mistakenly attacks the protective myelin sheath that surrounds nerve fibres. This damage disrupts the normal flow of electrical impulses between the brain and the rest of the body, resulting in a wide range of symptoms that can vary significantly from person to person.

MS is characterised by periods of relapse and remission or steady progression, depending on the type. Over time, the disease can lead to physical disability, cognitive challenges, and sensory disturbances. Although the exact cause is unknown, genetic, environmental, and immune-related factors all play a role.

There is currently no cure, modern treatments can significantly slow disease progression, reduce the frequency of relapses, and help manage symptoms. Early diagnosis and proactive treatment greatly improve long-term outcomes and quality of life for individuals living with MS.

Types of Multiple Sclerosis

Below are all clinically recognised types of MS, including the remaining updated classifications.

• Relapsing-Remitting MS (RRMS): Characterised by clearly defined attacks (relapses) followed by periods of partial or complete recovery (remissions).
• Primary Progressive MS (PPMS): Involves a steady worsening of symptoms from the onset without distinct relapses.
• Secondary Progressive MS (SPMS): Begins as RRMS but eventually transitions into a progressive form with fewer or no relapses.
• Progressive-Relapsing MS (PRMS): A rare form involving steady progression with superimposed relapses.
• Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS): A first neurological episode lasting at least 24 hours, often indicating early MS.
• Radiologically Isolated Syndrome (RIS): MRI-detected lesions consistent with MS, without symptoms yet present.

Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis

Comprehensive listing of all symptom categories.

Common Symptoms of MS

• Fatigue
• Numbness or tingling
• Blurred or double vision
• Balance and coordination problems
• Muscle weakness
• Difficulty walking
• Bladder and bowel dysfunction

Severe Symptoms of MS

• Paralysis in limbs
• Severe cognitive decline
• Vision loss
• Intense neuropathic pain
• Significant mobility impairment
• Speech and swallowing difficulties

Other symptoms may be heat sensitivity, sexual dysfunction, tremors, and mood swings.

Causes of Multiple Sclerosis

Genetic and Environmental Factors

While MS is not directly inherited, certain genetic markers increase susceptibility. Environmental contributors include low vitamin D levels, smoking, and viral exposures such as Epstein–Barr virus (EBV).

Immune System’s Role in MS

MS is primarily an autoimmune disorder in which immune cells mistakenly attack the myelin coating around nerves. This leads to inflammation, myelin loss, and eventual nerve fibre damage.

Additional possible factors: hormonal influences (higher prevalence in women), childhood obesity, and living in colder climates.

Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis

Diagnosing Multiple Sclerosis requires a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and laboratory tests because no single test can confirm MS. Early diagnosis is essential for prompt treatment and better outcomes.

Medical History and Physical Exam

A neurologist begins by reviewing symptoms, medical history, and family history. They perform a comprehensive neurological exam to assess balance, coordination, reflexes, vision, muscle strength, and sensory function. Identifying symptom patterns, especially episodes separated by time and affecting different areas of the CNS, is crucial for diagnosis.

MRI Scans for MS Diagnosis

MRI is the most important imaging tool for detecting MS. It can reveal lesions or plaques in the brain and spinal cord caused by demyelination. Using contrast agents allows doctors to distinguish between old and new lesions, helping confirm disease activity.

Lumbar Puncture and Evoked Potentials

A lumbar puncture (spinal tap) analyses cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for signs of inflammation and specific proteins known as oligoclonal bands, which are present in most MS patients. Evoked potential tests measure the brain’s electrical responses to visual, auditory, or sensory stimuli. Abnormal responses suggest slowed nerve conduction from demyelination, supporting the diagnosis.

Treatment for Multiple Sclerosis

Treatment for MS focuses on slowing progression, managing symptoms, and improving quality of life. It typically involves medication, lifestyle changes, and, in some cases, advanced therapies.

Medications for MS

• Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are the cornerstone of MS management. They work by reducing inflammation, lowering relapse rates, and slowing disability progression. DMTs include injectables, oral medications, and infusions.
• For acute flare-ups, corticosteroids are commonly used to reduce inflammation and speed recovery.
• Symptom-specific medications may target muscle spasms, fatigue, bladder issues, or neuropathic pain.

Lifestyle Changes and Rehabilitation

• Rehabilitation plays a crucial role in maintaining mobility and independence. Physical therapy strengthens muscles, improves balance, and helps manage spasticity.
• Occupational therapy assists with activities of daily living, while speech therapy supports communication and swallowing challenges.
• Stress management, adequate sleep, anti-inflammatory diets, regular exercise, and smoking cessation also help improve overall well-being and reduce disease complications.

Advanced Treatment Options

• For patients with aggressive or treatment-resistant MS, advanced interventions may be considered. These include autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT), which aims to “reset” the immune system.
• Ongoing clinical trials explore remyelination therapies and neuroprotective drugs designed to repair nerve damage and slow disease progression.

Prevention of Multiple Sclerosis

While MS cannot be completely prevented, several measures may help reduce risk:

• Avoiding smoking
• Maintaining adequate vitamin D levels
• Staying physically active
• Managing obesity, especially during childhood
• Reducing exposure to certain viral infections

Risk Factors for Multiple Sclerosis

Who is at Risk for MS?

• Women are 2–3 times more likely to develop MS.
• Most diagnoses occur between ages 20 and 40.
• A family history increases susceptibility.

Environmental Factors

• Living far from the equator
• Vitamin D deficiency
• Viral infections like EBV
• Smoking and long-term exposure to toxins

Complications of Multiple Sclerosis

Long-Term Effects of MS

• Progressive mobility limitations
• Muscle stiffness and spasticity
• Cognitive impairment
• Chronic pain
• Bladder and bowel dysfunction

Emotional and Mental Health Challenges

• Depression and anxiety
• Mood disorders
• Social withdrawal
• Fatigue-related emotional distress

Why Choose BLK-Max Hospital for Multiple Sclerosis Care

Expert Neurology Team at BLK-Max Hospital

BLK-Max Hospital offers a highly experienced neurology team specialising in MS diagnosis and management. Our neurologists are trained in the latest research-based approaches and utilise advanced diagnostic tools to provide accurate and timely evaluations. The team includes MS specialists, nurses, rehabilitation therapists, and support staff dedicated to personalised care.

Comprehensive MS Treatment

We provide an integrated approach to MS care, offering cutting-edge disease-modifying therapies, infusion services, and rehabilitation programs. Our facilities include advanced MRI imaging, physical therapy centres, and cognitive rehabilitation services. Individualised treatment plans ensure every patient receives tailored care focused on managing symptoms, improving mobility, and enhancing quality of life.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What are the early signs of Multiple Sclerosis?

Early signs include fatigue, numbness, blurred vision, and balance issues.

2. Can Multiple Sclerosis be cured?

No cure currently exists, but treatments can effectively control symptoms and slow progression.

3. What is the main cause of multiple sclerosis?

The exact cause is unknown; it involves immune, genetic, and environmental factors.

4. What is the new treatment for multiple sclerosis?

Newer treatments include high-efficacy DMTs, BTK inhibitors (in trials), and stem cell therapies.

5. What specialist is best for MS?

A neurologist specialising in multiple sclerosis or neuroimmunology.

6. How does MS affect daily life?

It may impact mobility, energy levels, vision, and cognitive functions.

7. Are there treatments for severe MS?

Yes, high-efficacy DMTs, advanced infusions, and stem cell therapies may help manage severe cases of MS.

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