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The vulva is the region around the opening of the vagina that forms the external genitalia in women. It includes labia minora, labia majora, clitoris, vaginal opening, and Mons pubis. Vulvar cancer is a result of uncontrolled growth of cells in the tissues of the vulva. It usually develops in labia majora (the outer lip of the vagina) or labia minora (Inner lip). The survival rate of women after Stage I vulvar cancer is 90%, while that after Stage IV is around 30%.
Vulva
Vulvar Carcinoma is predominantly a disease of postmenopausal women occurring in women between the age group 65 to 74. Eighty percent of women with untreated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia are at risk of vulvar cancer.
The exact cause of vulvar cancer is not clear yet. It is believed to be related to :
Not every woman is at risk of suffering from vulvar cancer. Several factors can increase the risk of vulvar cancer:
After suffering from any of the following symptoms in or around the vulva, women must visit a gynecologist:
There are various tests to diagnose cancer and its spread.
It is mandatory to diagnose the stage to determine the spread of vulvar cancer in the body.
Stage I – Tumor is confined to the vulva.
Stage II – In this stage, cancer spreads to the lower 1/3 of vagina, anus, or lower 1/3 urethra, but not to the lymph nodes.
Stage III – If cancer spreads to inguino – femoral (groin) lymph nodes, it results in stage III. It is further divided into stages III A, III B, and III C depending upon the size and the number of lymph nodes involved.
Stage IV – This stage is divided into Stage IV A and IV B, depending upon the extent of cancer spread to the upper parts of the urethra, vagina, bladder mucosa, rectal mucosa, fixity to bone and other body parts.
The most common type of vulvar cancer is squamous cell carcinoma accounting for 90% of the cases. Other less common types of vulvar cancer include adeno carcinoma, melanoma, sarcoma & verrucous carcinoma.
This cancer develops slowly over years. Precancerous lesions are abnormal cells in the outermost layer of the skin or epidermis. These are termed vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN).
Management of vulvar cancer requires an experienced multidisciplinary team approach. The treatment depends upon the stage of the cancer, age and general health of the patient. Various treatment options available for vulvar cancer are:
Surgery removes all the cancerous cells without affecting sexual functioning. The types of surgeries include -
There is no screening test for vulvar cancer, so it is necessary to be aware of the signs and symptoms for early diagnosis. Prevention of HPV -
Prevention of infection by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) can prevent women from vulvar cancer.
Vaccines – There are two types of vaccines to prevent infection with high risk HPV: Recombinant HPV Quadrivalent Vaccine and Recombinant HPV Nonavalent Vaccine.
Follow-up after the treatment includes physical examination and some tests to determine the effectiveness of treatment and to detect any recurrent growth.
The survival rate of vulvar cancer is very high. Nearly 70% of the survivors live for at least 5 years after the diagnosis.
If you are facing any similar signs or symptoms please contact the BLK-Max team to schedule an appointment at : +91-11-30403040
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