Paediatric Cancer can occur anywhere in their body, including the lymphatic system, blood, kidneys, brain, spinal cord (central nervous system; CNS), other organs and tissues.
The different types of cancers in children are:

• Leukaemia
• Brain and Spinal Cord Tumours
• Neuroblastoma
• Wilm’s Tumour
• Lymphoma (including both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin)
• Rhabdomyosarcoma
• Retinoblastoma
• Bone Cancer (including Osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma)

Signs and symptoms of Paediatric Cancer are:

• Continuous unintended weight loss
• Headaches with early morning vomiting
• Increased swelling in the joints, bones, back, or legs with persistent pain
• Lump or mass formation especially in the neck, abdomen, chest, pelvis, or armpits
• Development of excessive bruising, bleeding, or rash
• Constant, persistent or frequent infections
• A whitish colour formation behind the pupil
• Nausea that persists
• Constant tiredness or noticeable paleness in skin
• Eye or vision changes
• Recurring or persistent fevers without any infection

• Stage I - Cancer tumour is small and is limited to the specific area of the body.
• Stage II or III -  The tumour has spread into the nearby parts of its origin.
• Stage IV - Cancer is large and has reached a severe stage. It may spread to other body parts.

Doctors conduct many tests to diagnose cancer and ascertain if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. Paediatric cancer is often diagnosed using the following tests:

• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• X-ray
• Biopsy
• Screening Test
• Staging Tests

There are varied treatment options to remove or cure cancer tissues. These may include surgical processes, therapies or a combination of both.

• Surgical Process: A doctor aims to remove the tumour and some of the tissue that is in the surrounding areas where the cancer may have spread.
• Radiation Therapy: Involves the use of high-energy waves to kill cancer cells.
• Chemo Therapy: Involves the use of powerful medicines to kill cancer cells.
• Targeted Therapy: Targets cancer specific genes, proteins, or the tissue environment that contributes to cancer growth and survival.
• Immunotherapy: Involves the use of medicines that prompt the body's immune system or natural defenses to destroy cancer.
• Stem-cell Transplantation: Damaged bone marrow is restored using Stem-cell Transplantation, following high-dose Chemotherapy or Radiation Therapy.

A patient might get Chemotherapy, Hormone Therapy, or Targeted Therapy along with surgery or radiation. This approach will help in killing the residual cancer cells, during other forms of treatment.

• Stop Passive Smoking: Avoid usage of tobacco / cigarettes around your children.
• Sunburn Protection: Avoid their exposure to sunburns.
• Nutritious Diet: Provide them a healthy diet with lots of fibre, fruits and vegetables and avoid junk food and processed meats.
• Encourage Exercise: Make your children physically active- exercising stabilises the levels of estrogen and insulin hormones.
• Balance Body Weight: Maintaina healthy body weight of your children, because hormones produced by fatty tissues influence the way cells grow.
• Limit Exposure to Chemicals: Do not allow them to get exposed to any kind of harmful chemicals.
• Maintain a Strong Immune System: Avoid exposure to infections that can cause chronic inflammation thereby suppressing the immune system.

Some of the major factors that lead to Paediatric Cancer are:

• Medical Conditions: certain conditions such as Down’s syndrome can increase a child's risk of developing some types of cancers.
• Genetic: the retinoblastoma gene, also known as the RB1 gene during birth causes a rare type of Eye Cancer.
• Problems With Development in The Womb: cancers such as Wilm’s tumours develop in the womb due to immature cells that can form into a Cancerous Tumour.
• Exposure to Infections: Exposure to infection such as Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) can cause a glandular fever which is very unpleasant and can contribute to the development of cancers such as Hodgkin Lymphoma and Burkitt’s Lymphoma.
• Exposure to Radiation: Exposure to Radiation Therapy or any radioactive gas can cause risk of developing Paediatric Cancer.
• Previous Cancer Treatments: Past treatments with Chemotherapy also causes a high risk of developing cancers such as Acute Leukaemia at a later age.